Chapter 24
Section 1 & 2 Activity
1. What years does this chapter cover?
2. How did industrialization create a global economy?
3. Explain why railroads were so important to industrialization.
a. Why was Thomas Brassey a giant in the railroad industry?
4. How did steamboats affect the global economy of industrialization?
5. What two breakthroughs in transportation were made in 1869? Why were they important?
6. Explain why the telegraph was so important and what it could do!
7. How does a corporation work? Name 2 business tycoons and what industry they worked in.
8. How were people tied together around the world economically? Why is this so important to understand? (Hint: What happens later on in history that has a world impact?)
9. Explain the difference between emigration and immigration.
a. Why were people moving around so much?
b. Where were the majority of people going?
10. What is socialism?
a. How dies it work?
b. Where did it get its start?
11. What is a utopian socialist?
12. What is scientific socialism?
13. Who was Karl Marx?
a. What pamphlet did he write that became world famous?
b. What was the subject of his writing?
c. What were the proletariat and the bourgeosie?
d. What is Marx's famous quote?
e. How large of an influence did Marx have on world leaders in years to come? Be sure to cite two examples to back up your answer.
f. How did Marx's predictions fail?
14. What is suffrage?
15. What new era replaced Romanticism?
a. What does this new era believe in?
b. Name the famous authors of this time period and tell where they were from.
16. Prepare a statement that presents the following three characters' viewpoints on reform in industrial society. Remember to keep in perspective what these men do for a living, their backgrounds and influences.
a. Karl Marx
b. Robert Owen
c. John D. Rockefeller
Chapter 24
Section 3
III. Italy and Germany formed nations
A. National leaders began practicing realpolitik.
1. German term for "politics of reality".
2. Tough, calculating politics where idealism had no role.
B. Between 1854-1871 there were 5 wars among the Great Powers of Europe all based on nationalism.
C. Italy
1. The Congress of Vienna had left Italy divided under foreign control.
2. In 1848, 8 separate revolts had broken out throughout the country. They all failed just like all of the others in Europe.
3. The states of Italy looked to the Kingdom of Sardinia, with its Italian headed rule, to unite the country. Cavour was the Prime Minister. He was a wealthy aristocrat and made uniting Italy his primary goal.
4. Mazzini and other nationalists became afraid of Cavour and his intentions. They feared that he only wanted to broaden the power of Sardinia.
5. Cavour allied with Napoleon III of France. He agreed to help drive Austria out in exchange for Nice and Savoy. (He really felt that once the Austrians were out of the way then he could dominate Italy himself.)
6. As wars broke out it became evident that Italians wanted independence and to be ruled by Sardinia! Napoleon was caught off guard.
7. In 1860 Sardinia took over all of Northern Italy except for Venetia.
8. In Southern Italy Cavour was secretly helping nationalists like Garibaldi. Garibaldi always wore a bright red shirt so his enemies could see him. His soldiers did likewise. They were known as the Red Shirts.
9. Garibaldi wanted to free all of Italy including Nice, his birthplace, which Cavour knew would provoke Napoleon III.
10. The King of Sardinia met Garibaldi in Naples and peacefully took control of the area. In 1861 Italy was united. A constitutional monarch ruled them with an elected Parliament.
11. By 1871 Rome and Venetia had been added to the unified Italy. The Law of Guarantees let the Pope keep the section of Rome known as Vatican City.
12. Italy lacked cultural unification and many tensions arose after Cavour's death.
13. The government changed frequently from lack of expertise in the politicians and many economic struggles forced the people to emigrate to the United States and Argentina. Mazzini died in 1872 and realized that Italy was a troubled nation indeed.
D. Austria and Prussia were rivals
1. Austrians wanted to break free of German influence. They were not as industrialized as Germany even though Vienna was a capital for German music, art and literature.
2. Prussia was mainly German and had done everything to separate themselves from Austrians.
3. King William I had almost unlimited power over the conservative state of Prussia.
4. Otto von Bismarck was a staunch conservative who was Prime Minister of Prussia. He believed firmly in realpolitik.
5. He set out to unite Germany against Austria and looked down fiercely on the revolts of 1848. He believed that war was the only way to unite.
6. In 1864 Bismarck led Prussia into war with Denmark for Scleswig and Holstein. This was a quick victory and Prussian pride soared!
7. In 1866 he needled Austria into war with Prussia. The Seven Weeks' War. The RR and the superior Prussian generals beat Austria very quickly.
8. Austria was humiliated and lost land to Prussia and Venetia to Italy!
9. For the first time the German Confederation was united without Austria.
10. In 1867 Austria agreed to a dual monarchy with Hungary. This meant one ruler for two parliaments and two states. The new empire was now Austria-Hungary.
11. The Franco-Prussian War in 1867 was over the Catholics in the southern German Confederation. They did not want to be united into a mostly Protestant Prussia. In Spain Queen Isabella II was overthrown in 1868 and she offered the throne to a Hohenzollern king. Napoleon III was concerned about being surrounded by Hohenzollern rulers. Prussia turned down the offer of Spain.
12. During the event the French ambassador met with William I. William then proceeded to mislead the press about the conversation and incite a war. (Propaganda!!!)
13. France declared war in 1870 and Prussia overran them. Leaving only Paris untouched but forced to surrender by hunger.
14. France was now humiliated. They had to pay Prussia 5 billion francs and give them Alsace and Lorraine where France's iron and coal deposits was rich.
15. Nationalism soared through Prussia and unification was rampant. Everyone in the North and South wanted to be together.
16. On January 18, 1871 King William I was crowned Kaiser (emperor) of the German Empire. To Germans he was the Second Reich. The Holy Roman Empire had been the First Reich. Bismarck was the nation's first Prime Minister.
17. By 1870 Germany was the third largest producer of manufactured goods behind Britain and the US. It soon grew and overtook Britain!
E. France formed the Third Republic
1. After the Franco-Prussian war France had many struggles. Napoleon III was in exile in Britain after Prussia released him. The National Assembly decided on a new government.
2. The Paris Commune radicals tried to forcibly take over but were defeated by the National Assembly. 20,000 Parisians were executed for trying to rise up against the National Assembly.
3. France finally decided on a republic but there were internal struggles for 60 years. Between 1871 and 1914 France averaged a change of government every ten months because of all the political factions.
4. However, they were all united in their hatred of Germany. They wanted back Alsace and Lorraine and kept tensions running high.
F. The balance of power broke down.
1. In 1853 the Crimean War broke the peace from the Congress of Vienna. This war revealed that the huge but backward Russia was no match against Britain and France.
2. Europe was relatively peaceful those 40 years after the Congress but the balance of power had changed and shifted since 1815. The Great Powers now included: France, Britain, Austria, Germany, Russia and Italy.
3. Britain and Germany were far ahead economically and militarily. France was a distant third and Russia and Prussia were hardly in the race at all.
4. Nationalism and industrialism now worked together to advance European countries in war and life!
Chapter 24
Section 4
IV. The United States Spread Westward
A. In the first 100 years of its existence the United States moved westward with ferociousness. They had expanded their borders to the Pacific Ocean and utilized all of this land.
B. Spanish, French, Mexicans and Native Americans had to be fought for this new country to expand and grow.
C. Thomas Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase in1803. While Napoleon was being defeated in Haiti and an American Empire was out of his grasp. He sold the 828,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars. (Or, about 3 cents an acre!)
D. Mexico, who was newly independent, struggled with the US for the territory of Texas. Texas settlers, unhappy with Mexican rule, rebelled and were an independent nation for nine years. In 1845 it joined the US. Mexico fought the US over the southern border. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo settled the issue. The US would pay Mexico $15 million for the land and $3 million for war debts. Now Texas was part of the US!
E. Great Britain and the US decided that the northern boundary of the US at the Oregon Territory would be 49 degrees north latitude.
F. As the territory grew the differences in lifestyle led to Civil War.
1. Abraham Lincoln declared the Emancipation Proclamation and the Southern states seceded from the Union.
2. They called themselves the Confederate States of America. The fired on Fort Sumter and began a Civil War in which 720,000 Americans were killed.
3. The North added the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution after the defeat of the South. It abolished slavery in all of the US.
G. After the Civil War and Reconstruction we see a rapid rise in industry in the US.
1. Raw materials were plentiful and the RR system was unmatched in the world.
2. Farms led world production of corn, cattle, wheat, and cotton.
3. Never before had so much real and potential wealth been concentrated within one country.
H. In 1876 the first century of the United States was celebrated and many from around the world came to see the inventions and progress of the Industrial Revolution!
I. The United States impressed many as a leader of inventions, farming, and general progress!
Imperialism Activities for Chapter 25
Chapter 25
Imperialism
Section 1 & 2
1. What is imperialism?
Imperialism is a policy of conquering and ruling new worlds. These lands were ruled differently. Some were ruled indirectly, others directly and they were all used for money making ventures. As the Industrial Revolution continued new markets were sought after for profit.
** The main interest for imperialism was not profit but national PRIDE.
***Unfortunately, it also sparked racism in Europeans because they had the weapons, RR and other industrialized materials needed to win and maintain these new empires.
2. What country led the world in imperialistic ventures and why?
Great Britain led this new idea and championed new colonies and around the world. Britain controlled territory on every continent except Antarctica.
3. As the late 1870s came around who began to challenge Britain's lead?
Many British began to feel that colonies were more trouble than they were worth and began selling off many of their holdings or granting freedom to those who had been colonized. Germany and the United States began to challenge Britain in many ways. Industrialization had grown in both of these countries and even though Britain had been the dominant ruler in the world they began to lose ground to the US and Germany.
To guard their market share Britain placed a tighter hold on India and a few other colonies. They were making sure that they would not lose critical trade routes and business interests.
4. What countries also accepted imperialism as a necessary venture in the late 1800s?
The French greatly expanded their colonies. By 1900 they were only second in empire size behind Britain!! The Dutch, Spain and Portugal also expanded into Africa. Austria-Hungary moved into the Balkans and Russia moved into the Caucasus, Central Asia and Siberia.
Belgium, Italy and Germany also took lands in Africa. German bankers also made loans to those in Latin America and they were establishing a Berlin-to-Baghdad RR.
The US and Japan also became involved in imperialism. Both were interested in East Asia and America was involved in Latin America.
5. Who was Cecil Rhodes?
A young Englishman who controlled diamond mines in South Africa.
6. Who was David Livingstone?
A Scottish missionary in South Africa in the 1880s who fought for the British government to come in and end the slave trade!! He was successful.
7. How did the average population feel about imperialism?
It had mass appeal. Everyone wanted to read about adventurous escapades around the world. When David Livingstone went into the Bush in Africa and no word was heard from him for several years an American newspaper hired Henry Stanley to search for him. When he found Livingstone made headlines around the world and became very famous! Novels and poetry romanticized imperialism. Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) wrote stories and poems set in India that were loved around the world. He appealed to his reader's sense of adventure and superiority.
***Europeans altered life on every continent.
8. Africa was coveted by many nations for what reasons?
Resources, prestige and profit were among the top reasons for Africa's colonization. The Africans were caught completely unaware that their relationships with Europeans were changing very rapidly.
9. What countries raced for this honor of colonizing Africa?
The Scottish, French and Germans came to Africa. Heinrich Barth, a German, was the first European to cross the Saharan Desert. Belgium raced for the Belgian Congo that was 80 times larger than the country of Belgium! The thrill of competition also sparked tensions that many feared would lead to war! A meeting of Europeans only in Berlin in 1884-1885 sealed the fate of Africa. Any European country could colonize any part of Africa by sending troops to occupy strategic points in the big continent.
10. What happened in North Africa?
The French came in with a flourish and built the Suez Canal in 1869. They took Algeria and other European nations fought for Northern African countries. The British made the Suez Canal an integral part of their trade with India and when fighting broke out they took over the area as a protectorate. Britain and Egypt ruled Sudan, after much fierce fighting in 1896, as a condominium or a country ruled jointly by two other countries. France began to turn their attention to South of the Sahara.
11. How did European control spread all over Africa so quickly?
With outposts all around the coasts and from North to South the Europeans just continued their conquests inland. Many used force against the Africans who tried to defend their homelands. Unfortunately neither side knew enough about the other to truly understand the meaning of what they were doing to each other.
12. What was European conquest like in Africa?
Many conquests took many forms in Africa. Often there were wars to conqueror a native empire. Many of these were well equipped to fight off the industrialized Europeans. Others were independent villages that had to be conquered one by one. Still others asked Europeans to come in and protect them from some enemy and eventually the Europeans took over completely.
13. How did all of this colonization effect Africa?
Two countries in Africa remained independent of European rule. Liberia (a state of former American slaves who were closely allied with the US!) and Ethiopia. This country was protected by its geography (mountains) and the fact that the Europeans used it as a buffer state to limit the other nations from further expansion. Menelik II (1889-1913) was a very capable Ethiopian ruler who used his power to win weapons from the Europeans! He was able to use these to defeat an Italian invasion in 1896.
There was a shift in the Africans lives as well. Cash crops were grown in order to feed and supply the Europeans who lived there. These crops eventually became very valuable in establishing a money economy. Africans were forced to work and taxed by the Europeans. Foreigners were brought in like Indians, Chinese and other Asians were brought in for special skills rather than train Africans.
Fearful of uprisings the Europeans encouraged rivalries among ethnic groups. Europeans were afraid of the Africans realizing what they were doing in Africa and revolting.
Europeans expected the Africans to want European goods and see a huge shift in business but this never materialized. Actually the opposite was true. Diverse and valuable resources were found in the wonderful richness of Africa, especially in the Belgian Congo.
This was nothing in comparison to South Africa. The British had established Cape Town and settled about 40,000 Dutch farmers there (Boers). They treated the African Zulus and other tribes very harshly and resented being ruled by Britain. They migrated (the Great Trek) into the African interior and ran into the Zulus that caused conflict. After years of fighting the Dutch finally defeated the Zulus and set up three new Dutch states called Natal, Transvaal and Orange Free State in the late 1830s.
Once diamonds were discovered in 1867, Britain gained great interest in these new Dutch states. They created many tensions with the Dutch and the Boer War (1899-1902) ended with the Dutch, who had successfully used guerrilla tactics for a while, making peace with Britain. The British helped the Boers reestablish but did nothing to help the Africans. All three states became British colonies and as the mining boom tapered off the Boers were again the majority in the colony. The British allowed the Boers to govern the colonies at the expense of the African people who made up 75% of the population. In 1912 South Africans formed the African National Congress to seek political rights and greater freedom. This is where the struggle of Nelson Mandela got its roots!
Chapter 25
Section 3 & 4
India Timeline
China Timeline
Chapter 25
Section 5 & 6
Two Newspaper Articles